Welcome to the Smart Thermodynamic Table: Solids & Liquids page, part of the 'Utility Applets' library of TEST, The Expert System for Thermodynamics. TEST is a network of HTML pages with embedded Java Applets that helps users solve thermodynamic problems and perform parametric studies visually without any programming.

The Solids & Liquids Smart Table handles a wide range of materials : Aluminum (Al), Copper(Cu), Iron (Fe), Silver(Ag), Tin(Sb), Lead(Pb), Wood, Granite, Graphite, Rubber, Water, Oil(Light), Ammonia, R-12, Methanol, Ethanol, Mercury, (H2O). In addition a custom-fluid can be built by assigning its properties (density and specific heat).

The Smart Thermodynamic Table is more than a visual thermodynamic state calculator for Solids & Liquids. In this Solids & Liquids table a state is visually presented (see the examples below) as a collection of variables (such as p, T, v, h, s etc.). A fluid is chosen from a selection of materials (solids and liquids) and known variables are entered in any order and in any units (the applet checks for redundancy of inputs, converts units internally, provides balloon help and generates suitable warnings when appropriate) and a click on the 'Calculate' button evaluates the states partially or fully if sufficient information is known. The calculated states are auto-saved and can be plotted on a 'p-V', 'T-s' or other thermodynamic diagrams by choosing a plot-type from the diagram selector.

While evaluating a state related to another (say, isentropic states), algebraic expressions involving state variables can be used. For instance, to evaluate State-2, isentropic to State-1, one can enter s2 as '=s1'. Once a series of states are evaluated, updating all calculations for a change in any input variable is a snap. Simply change the value and click on the 'Super-Calculate' button. The smart table takes care of the rest making it an exciting visual design tool for the 'What-If' people. A more comprehensive introduction can be found in the Introduction/Tutorial page (linked at top) and is highly recommended for all users.

The examples below contain images of the Solids & Liquids table in action. Once you get a rough idea about how the smart table works, you can start using the real thing by following these instructions.

There are two ways of doing anything, the quick way and the right way.

If you are in a hurry, do the following: (a) Browse the examples below (takes only a minute), and (b) Launch the customized Java applet (called a daemon) by clicking the appropriate link at the top of this page. If you have a modern browser (Netscape 4.5 or better, Microsoft IE 4.0 or better), the daemon will appear in about 10-50 seconds (1 second if you are running from a locally installed TEST) and you can start exploring.

To fully exploit TEST follow thest steps: (a) Start the Introduction/Turorial for the Expert System by clicking the link at the top of this page. (b) Explore a few daemons as explained in the tutorial. (c) Browse a few topics of your choice from the Slide Show. (d) Once you understand the algorithm TEST applies for locating the right daemon for a given problem, you can use the TEST-Map to quickly launch a desired daemon. Of course, all these may take better part of an hour - but, trust me, you will not regret it.

 

Example-1: Determine what properties remain unchanged as 1 kg of liquid water is subjected to a change of pressure from 100 kPa to 1 MPa at 30oC.  Solution: To bring up the appropriate daemon (applet) navigate to TEST Home Page, Test, Daemons, States, and Solids & Liquids in sequence (or directly using the 'Smart Solids & Liquids Applet' link at the top).  The daemon page will be displayed on the upper frame and a help page will appear on the lower frame of the browser window. As the daemon gets loaded, you may see its shadow for about 5-15 seconds.  Trouble Shooting: If the daemon (as pictured below) does not show up even after a minute, may be your browser is unable to run Java applications. I know of three reasons for this. (i) Your browser has not been updated since the Jurassic age, (ii) Java is turned off, (iii) Security is set to 'high' (in case of Internet Explorer). Because TEST takes advantage of JDK 1.2 (the latest Java revision), you will need Internet Explorer 4.0 or Netscape 4.5 (not 4.05) to run TEST effectively. If you do not want to update your browser, you can still use TEST-2.01, a relatively primitive version. Instructions for how to rectify these problems and links to download the latest version of the browsers (Navigator or Explorer) can be found in the Troubleshooting/FAQ file on the TEST Home Page. If the daemon looks 'broken' (happens occasionally with Explorer 4.0) close (not exit) and open the browser to refresh the display.  Fig. 1. Image of the Smart Table (Solids & Liquids Daemon) producing solution to Example 1. Choose the working fluid, water, from the fluid selector. Enter the values of the known variables, mass, temperature and pressure and click the 'Calculate' button to obtain the complete state. All the properties have a suffix '0' as the state is identified as 'State-0'. Choose 'State-1' from the state selector. Enter the new pressure. Note the use of algebraic equations for variables mass and temperature. A 'Calculate' produces the new state. Compare the two states to find the differences. Note that the Solids & Liquids Table produces a complete picture of the state, not just a narrow desired solution, providing insight.

 

Example-2: An ateroid (made of granite) at a temperature 100 K is travelling at 1 km/s. If it is brought to rest and all its kinetic energy converts to internal energy, what will be the final equilibrium temperature? How would the answer change if the velocity were 10 km/s instead? Solution: Launch the daemon by following the instructions of Ex. 1. Choose the material from the fluid selector, enter the known velocity and temperature, and 'Calculate' to produce the total internal energy per unit mass (e=u+V2/2+gz). Now, choose 'State-1', enter velocity and total energy (note the use of equation), and 'Calculate' to produce the final temperature.  Fig. 2. Image of the Smart Thermodynamic Table (Solids & Liquids Daemon) producing solution to first part of Example 2. To perform the parametric study, simply change the velocity in 'State-0', click the 'Calculate' button to register the change and 'Super-Calculate' button to update all calculations. The simplicity of performing a parametric study is the real strength of the Smart Solids & Liquids Table.  Fig. 2. Image of the Smart Thermodynamic Table (Solids & Liquids Daemon) producing solution to second part of Example 2.

These examples are only meant to give the reader the flavor of a daemon (applet). Many more examples of solved problems, grouped into fifteen different chapters, can be found under TEST Home Page> TEST> Problems page. Before you start using this particular applet, it is strongly recommended that you take a look at the 'Slide Show' to get a feel for the breadth of thermodynamic topics TEST covers. Besides more examples and a visual tour, you will also find a visual manual for the daemons explaining different buttons and widgets found in the daemons. You will see how a wide range of thermodynamic problems can be visually solved and parametrically studied without the need for a single line of programming.